Setup array

You can declare an array to work with a set of values of the same data type. An array is a single variable with many compartments to store values, while a typical variable has only one storage compartment in which it can store only one value. Refer to the array as a whole when you want to refer to all the values it holds, or you can refer to its individual elements. For example, to store daily expenses for each day of the year, you can declare one array variable with elements, rather than declaring variables.

Each element in an array contains one value. The following statement declares the array variable with elements. By default, an array is indexed beginning with zero, so the upper bound of the array is rather than To set the value of an individual element, you specify the element's index.

The following example assigns an initial value of 20 to each element in the array. You can use the Option Base statement at the top of a module to change the default index of the first element from 0 to 1. In the following example, the Option Base statement changes the index for the first element, and the Dim statement declares the array variable with elements. You can also explicitly set the lower bound of an array by using a To clause, as shown in the following example.

The position of each element is determined by its offset from the start of the array. The first element is at position [0] because it has no offset; the second element is at position [1] because it is offset one place from the beginning.

The last position in the array is calculated by subtracting 1 from the array length. In this example, the last element is at position [4] because there are five elements in the array. Arrays can make the task of programming much easier. While it's not necessary to use them, they can be valuable structures for managing data. Let's begin with a set of data points to construct a bar chart. The following examples to draw this chart demonstrates some of the benefits of using arrays, like avoiding the cumbersome chore of storing data points in individual variables.

Because the chart has ten data points, inputting this data into a program requires either creating 10 variables or using one array. The code on the left demonstrates using separate variables. The code on the right shows how the data elements can be logically grouped together in an array.

Using what we know about drawing without arrays, ten variables are needed to store the data; each variable is used to draw a single rectangle. This is tedious:. In contrast, the following example shows how to use an array within a program. The data for each bar is accessed in sequence with a for loop. The syntax and usage of arrays is discussed in more detail in the following pages. Arrays are declared similarly to other data types, but they are distinguished with brackets, [ and ]. When an array is declared, the type of data it stores must be specified.

Each array can store only one type of data. After the array is declared, it must be created with the keyword new, just like working with objects. This additional step allocates space in the computer's memory to store the array's data. After the array is created, the values can be assigned. There are different ways to declare, create, and assign arrays. In the following examples that explain these differences, an array with five elements is created and filled with the values 19, 40, 75, 76, and Note the different way each technique for creating and assigning elements of the array relates to setup.

Although each of the three previous examples defines an array in a different way, they are all equivalent. They show the flexibility allowed in defining the array data. Sometimes, all the data a program will use is known at the start and can be assigned immediately. At other times, the data is generated while the code runs. Each sketch can be approached differently using these techniques. Arrays can also be used in programs that don't include a setup and draw , but the three steps to declare, create, and assign are needed.

If arrays are not used with these functions, they can be created and assigned in the ways shown in the following examples. After an array is defined and assigned values, its data can be accessed and used within the code. An array element is accessed with the name of the array variable, followed by brackets around the element position to read. Remember, the first element in the array is in the 0 position. If you try to access a member of the array that lies outside the array boundaries, your program will terminate and give an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

The length field stores the number of elements in an array. This field is stored within the array and is accessed with the dot operator. The following example demonstrates how to utilize it.

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