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Microsoft Office YTD Video Downloader. Adobe Photoshop CC. VirtualDJ Avast Free Security. WhatsApp Messenger. Talking Tom Cat. Clash of Clans. Subway Surfers. TubeMate 3. Google Play. Biden to send military medical teams to help hospitals. N95, KN95, KF94 masks. GameStop PS5 in-store restock. Baby Shark reaches 10 billion YouTube views. Microsoft is done with Xbox One. Windows Windows. Most Popular. New Releases. For this purpose, artificial neural network ANN , gene expression programming GEP , logistic and pseudo-second-order kinetic models have been designed to predict the efficiency of Basic Red 46 BR 46 removal on the husk of the walnut.

It has been recommended that in the removal of the studied dye, functional groups such as the hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups in the walnut husk play an important role. Thermodynamic parameter results indicated that this process is feasible, endothermic, and spontaneous, and the maximum sorption is According to the ANN results, the most efficient parameter was the contact time, followed by the initial dye concentration.

The results of this investigation revealed that the walnut husk was very capable of removing BR 46 from aqueous solution under different environmental conditions, and in the design and scale up, ANN and GEP models can be used to remove BR 46 from the walnut husk.

In another study reported by the same group [ ], in order to predict the efficiency of the Lanaset Red G removal on the walnut husk, they used an ANN model and found that ANN was the most suitable model to describe the sorption process, based on error analysis and the determination of coefficients. Walnut green husk as adsorbent was also examined for the removal of phenol from water [ ].

The authors achieved the maximum sorption at pH 4. The Langmuir isotherm achieved the maximum adsorption capacity of the walnut husk for the removal of phenol by Besides, sorption rates were found to be consistent with pseudo-secondary kinetics with good correlation.

The worldwide water contamination by heavy metals is known as a crucial issue, because it causes the environmental and ecological problem threatening the life of living organisms, particularly human [ , ]. Many agricultural by-products were examined for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater as an adsorbent because of their low cost and easy availability.

The walnut husk has also been used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals. However, the reports are limited to several studies.

Among different heavy metals known as hazardous metal ions, only chromium Cr and cadmium Cd have been investigated to remove using walnut husk. Among at least 20 heavy metals known as hazardous materials, Cr is a joint surface and groundwater pollutant. Various industrial activities, such as the preservation of timber, leather tanning, textile dyeing, and electroplating are the significant causes of water contamination by Cr ions [ ].

In an investigation by Wang et al. They indicated that the Cr separation was pH-dependent and the maximum of removal The authors reported that the experimental data kinetics have been well adapted to the first order, modified Freundlich, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models. In this investigation, the authors showed that the walnut husk is very good for the practical application of Cr removal.

In another research, the batch experiments were also conducted for the removal of aqueous Cr VI. The obtained results revealed that the removal mechanism could be the chemical reduction of Cr VI to Cr III followed by adsorption or surface precipitation. The results of this study showed that the walnut husk was affordable, effective, and suitable for removing aqueous Cr VI , and therefore was a low-cost water treatment material [ ]. Cd II is another heavy metal that researchers have tried to remove from the walnut green husk as a natural plant-based biosorbent.

In this investigation, batch experiments were used to study the removal of Cd II ions by the walnut husk [ ]. It was reported that the process of adsorption was pH-dependent, and the maximum adsorption at pH 7 was achieved.

The adsorption of Cd II on the studied adsorbent could be well adapted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.

The optimum adsorbent concentration was 0. A removal efficiency of Walnut green husk can be used as a cost-effective, valuable, environmentally friendly, and safe source of cosmetic dyeing and antimicrobial agents. To this end, the effective use of walnut green husk extract as a natural hair color has been evaluated. The coloring properties, fastness, and antimicrobial behavior of the colored hair and also a skin irritation test for natural hair color on the skin of the rat were tested.

When the obtained extract was added to ferrous sulfate as a mordant agent, ascorbic acid as a developer, a cosmetic ingredient, and also Aloe vera extract as a secondary mordant, a dark brown color was observed on the examined hair samples. The colored hair showed adequate color strength with excellent morphology for a hair surface covered with color molecules. The colored hair also had excellent resistance to washing and daylight fastness, without any irritating properties as shown in a rat model, although high concentrations of iron-based mordant may be problematic for long-term use.

Researchers have also been suggested the use of natural mordants such as lactic and oxalic acids to avoid potential risks [ 29 ]. Antioxidants show high capacity in the protection of oils and foods against oxidation. Recently, it has been an increasing tendency among food scientists to replace synthetic antioxidants with the natural ones due to safety concerns [ ]. The most used synthetic antioxidants are harmful to health, but natural antioxidants are generally supposed to be safe [ , ].

Due to the high antioxidant effects of the walnut husk, it could be the right choice for the extraction of natural antioxidants. Accordingly, the antioxidant effects of the extract and the powdered green walnut husk on the oxidation of sunflower oil have been investigated [ ]. The results showed that the peroxide value and TBA oxidation rate increased over time, but the samples containing the extract and the powder of walnut husk showed less oxidation compared to the control in most concentrations.

This study suggested that green walnut husk with high antioxidants and a low price could be considered as a source to replace with synthetic antioxidants. In the meat processing industry, the green husk of walnut can be used as a functional additive which is a low-cost source of valuable phytochemicals. The effect of adding green husk onto the selected properties of cooked sausages has been assessed [ ], and it has been shown that the walnut husk reduced weight loss in the cooked sausage storage.

Also, when the walnut husk was used in meat products, there was less color deterioration during storage. Also, the hardness of cooked sausages increased along with the addition of walnut husk, while springiness and chewiness decreased.

It was found that incorporating walnut husk into sausage improved the sensory acceptance of smell and texture, and the growth of microorganisms was inhibited during the storage of cooked sausages. For many years, just before the hardening of the endocarp, the green unripe walnut fruit would be picked, and after slicing, it would be left to steep in food-grade ethanol alcohol to make a delicious beverage called walnut liqueur. In traditional folk medicine, the fresh green walnuts are extensively used for the preparation of walnut liqueur.

This alcoholic beverage is rich in phenolic compounds and vitamins made from walnut fruit with green husks [ 26 ]. Jam and liqueur from the immature green walnut fruit are among the most commonly used food preparation recipes. Traditional walnut liqueur as a drink is commonly used in folk medicine, which is made of fresh green walnuts [ 23 , 27 ]. Walnut liqueur is a dark brown, bitter, and tasty drink that is often used as an aperitif or sometimes used to treat aches in the stomach.

The content of phenolic compounds affects food and beverage astringency and bitterness [ 24 ]. Recently, the walnut liqueur has been receiving increasing interest in some research studies. For example, a study showed that the traditional walnut liqueur could be considered as a cocktail of phenolics [ 26 ].

Researchers have also observed the strong influence of cultivar selection and time of picking on the phenolic content of walnut liqueur [ 24 ]. Due to the traditional way in which the liqueur is made, the concentrations of individual phenolics in liqueur may be relatively low compared to the green husk [ 26 ].

It has been found that with the increasing ethanol concentration in walnut liqueur, the content of total phenolics and certain individual phenolic compounds protocatechuic, sinapic and p-coumaric acids, and 1,4-naphthoquinone increased [ 25 ]. The identification of 14 different phenolic compounds in walnut liqueur chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, catechin, epicatechin, myricetin, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and juglone has been reported [ 26 ].

In an investigation, the content of 10 phenolic compounds including gallic, protocatechuic, ellagic, chlorogenic, syringic, p -coumaric, sinapic acids, catechin, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and juglone has been quantified [ 24 ]. It was considered that the antioxidant potential of walnut liqueur and the antioxidant activity was directly correlated with the TPC, and this characteristic did not change even for many years during storage.

The authors found that phenolic content has been influenced by fruit ripeness. However, the effects of temperature and the length of soaking on the liqueur phenolic composition of the fruits in ethanol were not significant [ 22 ]. Naphthoquinones have important biological activities and are present in considerable amounts in the residue of walnut husk.

Maleita et al. Extracts were prepared and characterized from Juglans spp. They also observed that the dried husk extract was repellent and reduced the penetration of the nematode root, but it did not affect reproduction. The authors suggested that walnut husk could be used as renewable sources of products based on naphthoquinones and potentially used as bionematicides against Meloidogyne spp. In the past recent years, nanoparticles NPs have received increased significant attention because of their many applications to different aspects of human life.

A variety of methods for the synthesis of NPs have been investigated, including biogenic approaches that are both easy and environmentally friendly. The produced NPs in the presence of plant extracts exhibit unique properties that make them attractive for medical and industrial use. Thus, the development of environmentally friendly methods is necessary for their synthesis. By using walnut green husk extract, a new biological single-step method for the synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles AgCl NPs at room temperature was used [ 32 ].

The macromolecules in the walnut green husk extract could act as bioreducers and stabilizers in the prepared NPs. Interestingly, the synthesized NPs showed considerable inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli E. Altogether, the authors suggested a new promising application of walnut green husk extract with the synthesized AgCl NPs.

It has been shown that walnut green husk extract could be used in practice as an appropriate natural hair dyeing agent and exhibited maximum antimicrobial activity in comparison with semi-synthetic and commercial hair dyes [ 29 ].

The results showed that the prepared natural dye was effective against Bacillus subtilis B. Abedi et al. Their obtained results demonstrated that the growth of C. The antibacterial capabilities of dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous extracts of walnut fruit endocarp and exocarp were tested against two S. Aureus and Bacillus cereus B. The authors observed that all the extracts had antibacterial activity against selected bacteria except for the aqueous extract.

They also concluded that in the food and pharmaceutical industries, the methanol extract from walnut could be used as a natural conservant ingredient [ ]. The antimicrobial activity of the walnut husk aqueous extracts has been assessed against B. The potential of the green husk of walnut was demonstrated as an economical source of antimicrobial agents [ 30 ].

The minimum inhibitory concentration MIC of 0. It is well known that the polyphenolic compounds originating from plants are advantageous for human health, exerting protective effects on hemostasis.

They have a particular influence on blood platelets. In one study by Rywaniak et al. Their results revealed that both of the studied plant extracts did not have cytotoxicity effects on blood platelets.

When the extract of the J. Furthermore, it was shown that the extract had suppressed the generation of reactive oxygen species ROS and the caspase activation in thrombin-stimulated platelets. In the presence of N-acetylcysteine, the increase in thrombin-induced ROS levels in platelets was inhibited, demonstrating a link between caspase activation and cellular redox status in the activated platelets.

The authors presumed that the walnut green husk extract anti-platelet activity is associated with its polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant properties. They suggested that the walnut husk could be regarded as a candidate for thrombotic disorders treatment [ ].

To find new antitumor agents from natural products, juglanones A and B have been isolated as two new tetralone dimers from J. The IC 50 values for the considered cell lines have been reported in the range of 0. Twenty-seven naphthoquinones have been isolated from J. The results of this study showed that most aglycone naphthoquinones showed better cytotoxicity in vitro than naphthalenyl glucosides with the IC 50 values of 7. The isolation of 17 different triterpenoid compounds was reported from the husk of J.

Three triterpenes and six flavonoid compounds have been isolated from J. The results of this study showed that the ursolic acid and apigenin compounds had the most potent anti-cancer activity against the cancer cells evaluated.

The authors found that the cytotoxic concentration of apigenin in cancer cells did not induce apoptosis in mononuclear human peripheral blood cells. Finally, they suggested that the apigenine structure can eventually serve as a leading compound for the development of novel anti-cancer drugs with limited side effects on normal cells [ ].

The cytotoxicity activity of walnut green husk extract was also evaluated using gold nanoparticles Au NPs. In this study, the Au NPs biosynthesis by using J. It has been shown that at a moderate temperature, the prepared Au NPs have a blue shift, proper distribution, and smaller size compared to those manufactured at room temperature.

They recommended that the yield of reaction could be increased using the moderate temperature compared to the room temperature. This is because of the effect of temperature on the rate of reduction. According to the obtained Fourier transform infrared FTIR spectrum, the surface of gold ions was successfully coated with Persian walnut extract. It has been suggested that the dose-dependent toxicity of the produced NPs made them an appropriate candidate for their various applications in medicine.

Based on the diluted acid hydrolysis, walnut husk has been considered as a source for the production of sugars, mainly glucose. In an investigation and using the response surface methodology RSM , the significant pretreatment variables influencing fermentable sugar production from the green husk of walnut were evaluated [ ]. In another attempt, the research group investigated the use of ANN to model the conversion rate of walnut husk glucose by concentrated acid hydrolysis [ ].

It has been shown that under normal conditions and processes, the fermentable sugar was achievable by aiding the concentrated acid hydrolysis. These studies confirmed that walnut green husk could be considered as an appropriate feedstock for the production of sugar during the bioethanol production process. Considerable amounts of agricultural by-products rich in phenolic or other beneficial compounds are produced during the fruit harvesting process, which has gained increasing interest due to their excellent antioxidant activities.

Walnuts are recognized as a significant nut in the human diet, and young green walnuts are also widely appreciated in traditional folk medicine as a wholesome alcoholic drink for making a walnut liqueur.

The green husk portion is the outer layer of walnut fruit constituting a large amount of fruit. It is available in high amounts as an inexpensive waste product that is rich in phenolic compounds.

These constituents could be introduced as novel drugs or used as lead compounds for developing new anticancer agents. The use of walnut husk extract as a reducing or stabilizing material in the preparation of NPs could open a new horizon for the application of this plant-based material in the nanomedicine. The excellent antioxidant capacity of walnut husk could be concerning the presence of high concentrations of antioxidants in this part of the fruit.

Thus, it creates the possibility of walnut husk to use as a food antioxidant or antioxidant supplementation. Therefore, it can be used in the food industry as a source of natural antioxidants and an alternative to synthetic antioxidants.

Since phenolic compounds—in particular, juglone in the green husk—have allelopathic effects on many fields and horticultural crops, the direct use of green husk as mulch or compost material is restricted. For this reason, the effective use of green husk and its derivatives as a food additive still requires further research and the development of new technologies. Due to radical scavenging and the antimicrobial effects of antioxidants in the green husk, a noticeable source of compounds with health protection potential and antimicrobial activity using new extraction and purification techniques may become necessary.

In order to increase the efficiency of the extraction process, alternative techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction or UAE are currently being developed.

In future studies, these methods could be used to improve the walnut green husk extraction process. Advanced techniques are responsive to a high level of automation, and some parameters can be measured at a certain time. In the case of the walnut husk, sample and solvent use can be decreased by choosing the most proper techniques.

In a good extraction method, extract can be obtained in a shorter period of time, and the recovery can have increased yield and more properties than those provided by standard practice. Techniques such as SFE, MAE, and UAE have been properly suited for the extraction of walnut husk heat-sensitive and unstable substances, which is not the case with the traditional approaches. The former is more promising for industrial uses due to its enhanced performance, selectivity, and specificity.

Additional modifications such as a Soxhwave under reduced pressure which will bring together benefits such as fast heating due to the microwave, the quick boiling of solvents due to reduced pressure, and the scope of solvent recovery will in the future make the extraction of thermolabile walnut husk components extremely more effective and fast. Nevertheless, this will require conquering innovative design and manufacturing difficulties.

According to the literature review, the green husk of walnut fruit can be used to remove hazardous heavy metal ions or other toxic materials from the polluted water as the best and most successful way of utilizing this biomass, which is available in large quantities.

National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Int J Mol Sci. Published online Aug Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Jun 28; Accepted Aug 9. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Abstract The walnut Juglans spp. Keywords: by-products, functional applications, fruit, husk, walnut. Introduction In recent years, plant-based materials, and especially nuts, have received much consideration and interest [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Walnuts The Juglandaceae family comprises between seven and 10 genera and about 60 species distributed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere of both the Old and New World. The Health Benefits of Walnuts Nuts are described as a leading source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity, particularly walnuts, pecans, pistachios, hazelnuts, almonds, and peanuts [ 28 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 ].

Walnut Fruit From the nutritional point of view, the walnut fruit is an essential part of the plant in the human diet, because it contains a valuable kernel. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Walnut Fruit By-Products The green husk and hard shell are the characteristic by-products of the fruit that are generated in walnut cultivation centers. Walnut Husk The outer green thick layer of the walnut fruit is termed its husk, which is an abundant agricultural waste crop produced upon the harvesting of fruit and its processing.

Preparation of Walnut Husk Extract The selection of a suitable solvent is a critical point during the extraction process and in the obtainment of extracts with high antioxidant activity that can be useful for the development and application of the green husk of the walnut. Antioxidant Content and Radical Scavenging Activity of Walnut Husk Extract Today, some spectroscopic and colorimetric methods are available for the measurement and determination of the antioxidant content of different plant-based materials [ ].

Chemical Constituents of Walnut Husk 9. Hydrolysable Tannins Ellagic acid and tannic acid are two hydrolysable tannins that are present in the walnut husk Table 2 and Figure 2. Figure 2. Naphthoquinones, Naphthoquinone Glycosides, Naphthalenes Naphthoquinones are a crucial group of plant chemicals that have been extensively studied in the Juglandaceae family.

Figure 3. Figure 4. The chemical structure of new naphthalenone identified in the walnut green husk. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Hydroxybenzoic Acids Stampar et al. Figure 8. Table 3 Different identified hydroxybenzoic acids in green walnut husk along with their retention time and content. Hydroxycinnamic Acids Table 4 shows the contents of the identified hydroxycinnamic acids in the green walnut husk and the corresponding chemical structures are illustrated in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Table 4 Different identified hydroxycinnamic acids phenylpropanoids in green walnut husk along with their retention time and content.

Figure Table 5 The retention time and content of different identified flavonoids, flavanols, and flavonol glycosides in the green walnut husk. Diarylheptanoids Du et al. Table 6 Different identified diarylheptanoids, ceramides, alkanes, steroids, triterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, and neolignans in green walnut husk along with the retention time and content.

Ceramides For the first time, 2-hydroxy-tetracosanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxyhydroxymethyl-heptadicenyl -amide as a ceramide compound was isolated from the Juglans genus in a phytochemical study of J. Alkanes The isolation of one alkane octadecane from J. Triterpenoids Triterpenoids are one of the largest families among the identified natural products, which have been extensively studied for their various structures and biological activities, including antitumoral activities.

Sesquiterpenes Du et al. Neolignans The neolignan 7 S , 8 R -dihydrodehydroconiferyl alcohol see Table 6 and Figure 4 has been identified for the first time in the Juglandaceae family [ ]. Other Compounds The presence of other compounds such as octadecanoic acid, rhodopsin, megastigma, and cyclodecasiloxane has also been reported in the green husk extract of Persian walnut [ ]. Walnut Husk Uses Today, different applications of walnut husk in industry, food, and medical fields have been reported in the literature Figure Industrial Uses Removal of Hazardous Materials Dye Removal Recently, many plant-based biomaterials—in particular, waste agricultural products—have been widely employed for the removal of hazardous materials, contaminating the environment as a result of industrial activities [ ].

Heavy Metal Removal The worldwide water contamination by heavy metals is known as a crucial issue, because it causes the environmental and ecological problem threatening the life of living organisms, particularly human [ , ]. Natural Hair Dye Walnut green husk can be used as a cost-effective, valuable, environmentally friendly, and safe source of cosmetic dyeing and antimicrobial agents.

Food Uses Natural Antioxidants Antioxidants show high capacity in the protection of oils and foods against oxidation. Walnut Husk Liqueur For many years, just before the hardening of the endocarp, the green unripe walnut fruit would be picked, and after slicing, it would be left to steep in food-grade ethanol alcohol to make a delicious beverage called walnut liqueur. Medical Uses Antimicrobial Activities Naphthoquinones have important biological activities and are present in considerable amounts in the residue of walnut husk.

Anti-Platelet Activities It is well known that the polyphenolic compounds originating from plants are advantageous for human health, exerting protective effects on hemostasis. Cytotoxic Activities To find new antitumor agents from natural products, juglanones A and B have been isolated as two new tetralone dimers from J.

Other Uses Based on the diluted acid hydrolysis, walnut husk has been considered as a source for the production of sugars, mainly glucose.

Conclusions Considerable amounts of agricultural by-products rich in phenolic or other beneficial compounds are produced during the fruit harvesting process, which has gained increasing interest due to their excellent antioxidant activities. Abbreviations A. Juglans regia L. Funding This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding this work.

References 1. Chang S. Nuts and their co-products: The impact of processing roasting on phenolics, bioavailability, and health benefits—A comprehensive review. Mourtzinos I. Polyphenols in Plants. Polyphenols in agricultural byproducts and food waste; pp.

Ignat I. A critical review of methods for characterisation of polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. Food Chem. Balasundram N. Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: Antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Atanasov A. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review.

Haminiuk C. Phenolic compounds in fruits—An overview. Food Sci. Brewer M. Natural antioxidants: Sources, compounds, mechanisms of action, and potential applications. Food Saf. Jahanban-Esfahlan A. Walnut Juglans regia L. RSC Adv. Martinez M. Food Agric. Anjum S. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of walnut extract Juglans regia L. Food Process. Arranz S. Antioxidant capacity of walnut Juglans regia L. Food Res. Carvalho M. Human cancer cell antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of Juglans regia L.

Haque R. Aqueous extract of walnut Juglans regia L. Kavuncuoglu H. Prediction of the antimicrobial activity of walnut Juglans regia L. Kornsteiner M. Tocopherols and total phenolics in 10 different nut types. Labuckas D. Phenolics from walnut Juglans regia L.

Pereira J. Bioactive properties and chemical composition of six walnut Juglans regia L. Regueiro J. Comprehensive identification of walnut polyphenols by liquid chromatography coupled to linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Slatnar A. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in kernels, oil and bagasse pellets of common walnut Juglans regia L.

Yang J. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common edible nut seeds. LWT-Food Sci. Zhang Z. Antioxidant phenolic compounds from walnut kernels Juglans regia L. Alamprese C. Influence of processing variables on some characteristics of nocino liqueur. Cosmulescu S. Phenolics content, antioxidant activity and color of green walnut extracts for preparing walnut liquor. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici. Jun 18, — The app includes a built-in barcode scanner to quickly add books, CDs, If you are running OS X Upload a Thing!

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